Luís Vaz de Camões (or Camoens) (1524 or 1525-1580) is widely considered Portugal’s national bard. The Lisbon-born poet studied to be a priest, but did not take orders; later he embarked on a military career, losing an eye at Ceuta. Camões was shipwrecked while returning to Goa in India after spending time in Macao. The shipwreck was a tragedy for him and the world, as he lost everything but his major poem, Os Luciados (The Lusiads, or Lusitanians - the Portuguese, 1572). The beautiful poetry is added to by a robust, realistic narrative that covers the voyage of Vasco da Gama and also much of Portuguese history.
Camões mixed Christian and pagan symbolism and themes in his epic poem, a dangerous thing to do in 16th-century Portugal. However, the ecclesiastical authorities, represented by a Dominican priest named Ferreira, examined the manuscript and gave permission for the poem’s publication, finding nothing contrary to the faith or morality in it; the mythology was regarded as poetic licence. The king even gave the poet a pension for his troubles, though not a large one.
Camões returned to Portugal living in poverty and obscurity. Lusiads was published and very successful, but Camões died poor in a public hospital. The day of his death is celebrated as the National Day of Portugal each year.
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